Introduction
After Iceland, Finland is the northen most country in the world, where one-third of total length lies on the north of Artic circle. The country’s northern most point is Utsjoki (70°5¢ 30² N), southern most point is Tulliniemi (58°48¢ 30² N), westernmost point is Koltapahtaniemi, Lapland (20°33¢ 27²E) and easternmost point Virmajarvi of Ilomantsi (31°35¢ 20² E). Finland’s frontier is 3,600km, land 2,571 km, 586 km land boundary with Sweden, 716 km with Norway and 1,269 km with Russia. The highest length covers 1,160 km and width 540 km, with surface area 3,37,032 sqkm, where land coverage 305,475 sqkm and water body 31,557 sqkm. The land area is formed during and after the final stage of last Ice age mostly due to movement of icesheets. Then part of the surface bed rocks turned into soils due to weathering and disintegration processes. Finland is known as low lying fairly flat country, break down of bed rocks for thousands of years with altitude 152m above sea level. Altitudes devides Finland into two-lowlands and uplands. Land is the highest point (1,328m) i.e. Haltiatunturi. One third Finland has 9.4% inland water i.e. 31.55 sqkm. There are 55-75 thousand lakes in Finland with mean depth of 7m covering 3,00,000 km lake shore. The largest lake Saima that is 35th largest in the world (4,400 sqkm) and 5th largest in Europe. Here coastline covers 20,000. There are rather few rocky islands along with west coast. Finland territorial limit runs 4 nautical miles from the coast Finland lies in the snow and forest zone characterized by cold damp winters and warm summers. The summer temp. varies from 13°-17°C with maximum of 30°C, average rainfall 700mm (southwest) and 400mm in the northwern zone (Lapland) where 30-40% rainfall comes as snow. Snow cover starts in Oct/Nov. and continues to mid-summer/April. In Lapland snow covers continues until June each year. The snow last for 70-100 days in south west Finland, 160-190 days in eastern zone and then 200-210 days in the north (Lapland). The water ways freezes in Oct-Nov. in northern side sea in December and continues until May-June (Lapland). The longest day in the south in hrs. and shortest 6 hrs. but in Lapland enjoys nightless night in summer (70°N), sun never sets for 73 days but in winter it never rises for 51 days.
In 1978 there were 4,513 thousand or 4.5 million people in Finland and in 2000 total population was 4.747 million; and recently in 2023 it was observed/estimated to 5.5 million people in Finland. There are more than 90 large to small cities in Finland. Here 14 cities with approximate thousand, population (in brackets) in 1980s are listed here: (1) Helsinki (488), (2) Tampere (166), (3) Turku (165), (4) Espoo (126), (5) Vantaa (125), (6) Lahti (95), (7) Oulu (93), (8) Pori (80), (9) Kuopio (73), (10) Jyvaskyla (63), (11) Kotka (62), (12) Vaasa (54), (13) Lapperanta (54), (14) Joensuu (44). Through 9 years living and mixing with Finnish people of various categories, the following identical factors-love of Finnish people have been established.
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ABSTRACT
An experiment was done during the period of Kharif-I (summer) season 2023 at Pabna district in Bangladesh to explore the yield and factors affecting yield of two sesame varieties developed by Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) against a local one. Three replications of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) were used where Atshira, Binatil-3, Binatil-4 were the different variations. The experiment’s findings showed that the genotypes significantly differed in terms of days to maturity, height of plant, number of developed branches, number of pods, length of pods, pod breadth, seeds contain per pod, weight of 1000 seeds and yield of seeds. Atshira contained the tallest plant (105.20 cm), whereas Binatil-3 contained the shortest plant (79.53 cm). It was noted that Binatil-4 had the greatest number of plant-1 branches (5.17), whereas Atshira had the least amount (2.12). Additionally, Binatil-3 displayed the highest number of pods plant-1 (95.66) whereas Atshira provided the lowest amount (51.75). Atshira had the largest pod (3.23 cm), whereas Binatil-3 had the smallest (2.48 cm). It was noted that Atshira displayed the greatest number of seeds in pod-1 (76.28). The highest thousand seed weight was recorded in Binatil-4 (3.25 g), whereas the lowest thousand seed weight was in Atshira (2.85 g). The variety Binatil-4 had the highest seed yield (1.36 ha-1), whereas Atshira had the lowest (1.21 ha-1). Among the cultivars, Binatil-3 matured in the fewest days (86), whereas Binatil-4 required the most days (95). At Binatil-4, significant growth and yield performance was found from Kharif-I (summer) season trial. Furthermore, it will be useful for Bangladesh to choose sesame genotypes with high yield potential and future breeding stock.
Key words: Sesame, Yield, Genotypes, Kharif-I
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ABSTRACT
More reading of related journal articles, writing 2-3 times or more for building a sound scientific article for journal, involvement minimum course work, develop project work and dealing with project, come to touch with a good/renowned scientist and all these are the universal guideline for buildings successful scientist and philosopher. There successful schematic models are the pillars of research covering a strong publication in journal.
Key words: Guideline, scientist, research, philosopher, article publication, journal.
Guideline and suggestions given by renowned scientists and philosophers regarding research and writing of scientific articles for publication in journal
- Academic teaching and research or research building with professional career is a God gifted award where human strong desires and activities work as a single factor.
- According to Japanese Professors and scientists good researchers are those they must work most of the times in field, lab. or research related activities where past academic good/strong career is not the factor/criteria for the sound researchers.
- More involvement in research, more writings and publications make a man true researcher, and ultimately a great one as strong/renowned scientist and/or philosopher.
- Here two factors work uniformly like knowledge based research (KBR) or research based knowledge (RBK) are important to establish as renowned/great researchers, scientists and philosophers.
- Dr. H. Brown (author of more than 800 publications) Prof. of Chemistry, Indiana University, USA, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1979 who was good friend of my supervisor Prof. Paasivirta, Dept. of Chemistry, Univ., Jyvaskyla, Finland. During taking of Nobel Prize in December 1979, he visited our Dept. of Chemistry, (then there I was a PhD student) where I personally discussed about the success and failure of research and building career as good researcher. Prof. Brown then congratulated me for my new invention and discoveries of pesticide residual works and some of my analytical methods for detection of metabolites and residues for food safety against hazardous pesticides in 1976-79. He concluded with few words, “Minimum class load (5-10%), and maximum involvement lab./field/other research (80-90%) and writing and publications (>90%) are the best criteria for developing a perfect/successful researcher where standard journals are encouraged”.
- Paasivirta (renowned scientist, more than 500 publications, nominated 2-3 times for Nobel prize (unofficial) where his supervisor in Finland was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1943, worked with him at his Dept./lab. at Jyvaskyla, Finland; replied me in 1980 regarding handling of good research and to be good researcher-minor class load for MS/PhD courses, most of the time involvement in research, reading, writing and publishing of articles in journals, participation and presentation of articles related confs./seminars” where I published 30-35 articles in Inter. Journals and participations of more than 20 conferences with him in 1976-84 at different universities of Finland, Norway, England and Ireland.
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ABSTRACT
A study was conducted during July 2020 to June 2021 regarding yield and mineral status of bottle gourd under salinity condition in the south-central coastal region of Bangladesh. The study locations were PSTU farm, Dumki; south Muradia, Dumki; Nauvanga, Kalapara; Pakhimara, Kalapara of Patuakhali district and Sawdagarpara, Taltoli of Barguna district having EC level 0.87, 0.97, 4.4, 4.8 and 6.4 dSm-1, respectively. The yield of bottle gourd was increased with the increasing of soil EC level. Bottle gourd was analyzed for determining of minerals such as P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn. The findings of the study revealed that P, Ca, S, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn was in decreasing trend with soil EC level whereas, K, Mg as well as Na was in increasing trend with soil EC level. Results indicated that, the bottle gourd was moderately salt tolerant (soil EC value up to 6.4 dSm-1) and it can be recommended to grow commercially in the study areas.
Key words: Bottle gourd, yield, minerals, salinity, coastal area.
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ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at coastal Dacope upazila of Khulna district during the period 2020-2022. Environmental monitoring was carried out in respect of air quality, surface water quality as well as soil quality. The air quality was measured in respect of CO, SO2, NOx and PM concentration in that particular area using Gas Analyzers (model: Handheld 3016). The present study investigated some physico-chemical parameters from surface water such as pH, turbidity, TDS, Cl–, DO and BOD5 to assess the suitability for different human purposes. Different methods ware followed during detecting the soil quality. In general, air quality was in good condition and was not affected by the construction activities carried out in Dacope Upazila. In some cases, SPM2.5 and NO2 exceeded national values. The study showed that surface water qualities were not affected by the development activities carried out for rehabilitation the degraded coastal Dacope Upazila of Bangladesh. The pH values ranged from 7.11 to 7.63. The Cl– contents were 918.33 and 83.33µg/g for the year 2019 and 2021, respectively. All have high contents of organic matter. The level of N and S contents were quite enough but low contents of phosphorous potassium and zinc.
Key words: Environmental monitoring, development workplace, coastal area
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ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from 25 November 2005 to 13 April 2006 to study the effect of detillering and row spacing on growth, yield and yield attributes of BRRI dhan28. The experiment consisted of four detillering treatments viz., 6 tillers kept hill-1 (T₁), 9 tillers kept hill-1 (T2), 12 tillers kept hill-1 (T3) and intact hills (T4) and four row spacing were 25 cm x 15 cm (S₁), 20 cm x 15 cm (S2), 15 cm x 15 cm (S3) and 10 cm x 15 cm (S4). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The effect of detillering was found to be significant in all the characters under study except 1000-grain weight. The plant height, panicle length, number of grains panicle’, grain yield and straw yield were observed statistically significant and also found identical both in the case of 9 and 12 tillers kept hill-1. The maximum number of effective tillers (10.04) was found in 12 tillers kept hill-1 than that of other treatments. The spacing 20 cm x 15 cm showed better performance in general, although most the parameters were statistically similar with that of spacing 25 cm x 15 cm. The highest grain yield of 5.04 t ha-1 was recorded in case of 20 cm x 15 cm spacing. Interaction effects between detillering and row spacing were significant for most of the growth characters and yield components under study except 1000-grain weight. The treatments 9 tillers kept hill spaced with 20 cm x 15 cm and 12 tillers kept hill-1 with the same spacing were found to be significantly superior in the case of number of grains panicle’, grain yield and straw yield, although they were found identical with some other interaction treatments under the same parameters. The detillering with retaining of 9 tillers hill-1 at 20 cm x 15 cm spacing was the best possible combination for achieving optimum grain yield of BRRI dhan28.
Key words: Detillering, spacing, BRRI dhan28.
Introduction
The rapid population growth is continuously diminishing the productive rice areas from the existing 10.27 million hectares (BBS, 1997). Moreover, Bangladesh is in continual annual shortage of about 1.5 million tons of food grains (Karim, 1999), and this shortage will be severe if the present level of population growth continues. Recent projection shows that rice demand in Bangladesh will reach over 40 million tons in 2020. Rice yield may be influenced by such factors as row and plant spacing and number of tillers hill-1. Improper spacing and tillers hill-1 may affect the physiological activities of rice plant and account for yield reduction to a great extent. Row spacing and number of tillers hill-1are the key factors that determine the availability of sunlight, nutrient, water and the rate of photosynthesis and ultimately the yield. To enhance this physiological process of growth tiller separation is sometimes practiced in Bangladesh (Hossain et al., 1988), especially in post flood situation. So, it is important to know the performance of BRRI dhan28 as a boro rice as affected by detillering from which information about optimum number of tillers hill-1 can be determined for having better growth and development of mother plant. On the other hand, distance between row to row is also an important factor that needs to be considered during cultivation of BRRI dhan28 as a boro rice crop. In case of closer spacing, more competition arises among the plants for nutrient, air and light as a result plants become weaker and thinner and reduction of yield occurs. In wider row spacing, farmers may not get desired number of hills which also ultimately may reduce yield per unit area. Thus proper row spacing ensures optimum plant population which allows the plants to grow properly after even detillering both in their aerial and underground parts resulting in efficient utilization of solar radiation and nutrients (Miah et al.,1990). That is why, it may be important to know the effect of row spacing and the number of tillers hill-1 on the growth and yield of BRRI dhan28 after detillering from the mother plant. The
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